Pemerolehan Bahasa (Akuisisi Bahasa) dan Penerapannya

Teori Pemerolehan Bahasa (Teori Akuisisi Bahasa)
Lima hipotesis berikut ini merangkum teori mutakhir pada pemerolehan bahasa (akuisisi bahasa). (Untuk metode pembahasan dan bukti pendukung, lihat Krashen 1994, 2004.)

Hipotesis Pemerolehan Pembelajaran
Kita memiliki dua cara yang berbeda untuk mengembangkan kemampuan dalam bahasa yang lain. Kita dapat menguasai bahasa dan kita dapat mempelajarinya.
Pemerolehan Bahasa terjadi secara tidak sadar. Ketika hal itu terjadi, kita tidak menyadari apa yang sedang terjadi. Kita berpikir kita sedang melakukan percakapan, membaca buku, menonton film. Tentu saja, kita, tetapi pada waktu yang sama, kita mungkin saja memperoleh bahasa.
Juga, sekali kita memperoleh sesuatu, kita biasanya tidak sadar bahwa sesuatu telah terjadi; pengetahuan yang disimpan di dalam otak kita secara tidak sadar.
Penelitian secara kuat mendukung pandangan bahwa kedua anak-anak dan orang dewasa dapat secara tidak sadar memperoleh bahasa. Juga, kedua bahasa lisan dan tertulis dapat diperoleh.
Kadang kala pemerolehan dirujuk sebagai “mengambil” bahasa. Ketika seseorang mengatakan, “Saya sedang berada di Perancis untuk sementara waktu, dan Saya mengambil beberapa bahasa Perancis.” Itu berarti dia memperoleh bahasa.
Mempelajari bahasa adalah proses alam sadar: ketika kita belajar, kita tau kita sedang belajar dan mencoba untuk belajar. Mempelajari bahasa adalah apa yang kita lakukan di sekolah; dalam bahasa sehari-hari, ketika kita membicarakan tentang “Aturan” dan “Tata Bahasa,” kita berbicara tentang belajar.
Perbaikan yang salah diharapkan dapat membantu pembelajaran. Ketika kita mebuat kesalahan dan memperbaikinya, kita seharusnya merubah versi aturan alam sadar kita. Jika seorang pelajar berkata, “I comes to school every day,” dan seorang guru menjawab dengan, “No, it’s ‘I come to school’,” Pelajar diharapkan menyadari bahwa –s tidak cocok dengan bentuk kata kerja orang pertama tunggal.

Hipotesis Tatanan Alam
Kita memperoleh (tidak mempelajari) bagian-bagian sebuah bahasa dalam tatanan yang dapat di tebak. Beberapa unsur tata bahasa, sebagai contoh, yang diperoleh lebih awal ketika seseorang diakuisisi.

Yulia Rachmawati
4SA02
19610350

Analysis of Phrasal Verb on The Bone's Setter

Tugas Softskill : The Analysis on The Translation Bone's Setter Using Google Machine

Tugas ke 3 : Timeless bags

Niken Prathivi, The Jakarta Post, Jakarta | Lifestyle | Sun, September 29 2013, 11:27 AM

For fashion lovers, bags are their most trusted friends.

Baqita by Igna uses leather fabric as its main material. Yet, it beautifully mixes with qualified Javanese batik garments plus colorful applications to make pretty and artsy bags.

A piece of Baqita’s premium collection, priced at Rp 3.5 million (US$306.59), has a casual yet exclusive look.

“This is our top item. The bag is made of almost-all suede leather, which is a premium, export quality one,” said owner and artisan Igna Najoan, adding that she also puts colorful ornaments on the bag to make it more playful.

Igna also makes a leather bag with a mix of batik cloth, which is produced in Serpong, Tangerang.

“I only use the best batik fabric, mostly from Java,” said Igna, who loves to hunt for luxurious pieces of batik cloth and keep it inside a closet until she finds suitable leather material.

She also loves to create beautiful bags with an artistic touch.

“We apply a pure hand-made process for all of our bags. So, we also treat the batik cloth carefully. I won’t allow the batik cloth to be randomly cut just to produce more bags, no,” she says.

Igna reveals that she needs to look at the pattern carefully before doing the cutting and applying it to the leather bag.

“First, I collect the different materials of the bag, including the plastic-made small decorative ornaments, before making an item. So, the duration for producing one bag is really tentative,” said Igna.

It only takes her four hours to sew together all materials into one bag. It only takes more time when the material isn’t complete.

^1. Igna says that all materials are obtained locally, especially from Central Java.

Ø  The sentence above is indirect speech.
Indirect Speech is used to give information about what people say or think.

   Ø  Indirect speech (sometimes called reported speech), doesn't use quotation marks to enclose what the person said and it doesn't have to be word for word.

Farida Jusina, one of the craft makers of the Bandung-based DI Studio, got into the business with several of her friends out of a passion for handicraft. They produced several craft and souvenir products, including plaited bags with ribbon embroidery.

^2. “The ribbon embroidery is our signature. The bags are originally from Tasikmalaya,” she says.

Ø  The sentence above is kind of Direct speech or sometimes called as Quoted Speech, because it gives information about what people say or think.

Ø  It is also saying exactly what Farida Jusina has said.

Ø  Here what a Farida Jusina says appears within quotation marks ("...") and should be word for word. 

DI Studio’s plaited bags are for everyone, says Farida. “We’ve received some orders from overseas, like the US, the Netherlands and Malaysia. Yet, it also steals some attention from the local market.” “We do all the designs,” says Farida.

^3. She added that all of his bags are produced hand-made with local leather.

Ø  The sentence “…all of his bags are produced hand-made with local leather “ is called as passive voice.

Ø  Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not known, however, who or what is performing the action.

Ø  When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following:

1. The object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence

2. The finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle)

3. The subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is dropped)

DI Studio makes plaited hand bags from mendong, or swamp grass, and eceng gondok, or water hyacinth. Prices start from Rp 275,000.

source: http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2013/09/29/timeless-bags.html

YULIA RACHMAWATI

4SA02

19610350

#SOFTSKILL Bahasa Inggris Berbantuan Komputer

Reported Speech

When do we use reported speech?

We use reported speech when we want to repeat what someone had previously said.

Let's look at the difference between direct speech and reported speech:

Direct Tomie said = 'I am tired.'

Reported Speech = 'Tomie said (that) she was tired.'
In reported speech we need to use the past tense form of the verb. In direct speech the present tense is used. As you can see, in the above sentence 'am' changes to 'was' when we use reported speech.

A. Changing to the past tense to make reported speech

Here are some of the important verb changes we use when making reported speech:

1. Am becomes was

Direct John: 'I am going.'
Reported: 'John said that he was going.'

2. is becomes was

Direct John: 'She is tall.'
Reported: 'John said that she was tall.'

3. do becomes did

Direct John: 'I always do my homework.'
Reported: 'John said that he always did his homework.'

4. does becomes did

Direct John: 'My mother does the cleaning.'
Reported: 'John said that his mother did the cleaning.'

5. have becomes had

Direct John: 'I have your number.'
Reported: 'John said that he had my number.'

6. has becomes had

Direct John: 'He has caught a cold.'
Reported: 'John said that he had caught a cold.'

7. go becomes went

Direct John: 'I go shopping on Sunday.'
Reported: 'John said that he went shopping on Sunday.'

8. will becomes would

Direct John: 'I will call Frank.'
Reported: 'John said that he would call Frank.'

9. can becomes could

Direct John: 'I can ride a horse.'
Reported: 'John said that he could ride a horse.'

10. want becomes wanted

Direct John: 'I want a girlfriend.'
Reported: 'John said that he wanted a girlfriend.'

B. When not to change the verb tense

When direct speech uses the past tense we do not need to make a change:
Direct John: 'I broke my arm.'
Reported: 'John said that he broke his arm.'
It is also OK to change the past tense to the past perfect:
Direct John: 'I broke my arm.'
Reported: 'John said that he had broken his arm.'

C. Using reported speech for questions

So far we have looked at using 'said' in reported speech. When a question is asked we do not use 'said'. Instead we use 'asked'.
We also need to use an interrogative (wh- word) or if / whether.
Take a look at the examples:

1. Questions using interrogatives

Direct John: 'What is your name?'
Reported: 'John asked me what my name was.'
Direct John: 'Where does she live?'
Reported: 'John asked me where she lived.'

2. Questions using if / whether

Direct John: 'Does he play golf?'
Reported: 'John asked if he played golf.'
Reported: 'John asked whether he played golf.'

D. Using reported speech for requests

As we have seen, 'said' is used for statements and 'asked' is used for requests. We use 'told' for requests and 'to' before the clause:
Direct John: 'Go home'
Reported: 'John told me to go.'
Direct John: 'Stop crying'
Reported: 'John told me to stop crying.'

E. Using suggestions in reported speech

When someone gives us advice in direct speech we use 'suggested' or 'recommended' in reported speech:
Direct John: 'You should take a holiday'
Reported: 'John suggested that I took a holiday.'
Direct John: 'You should take a holiday'
Reported: 'John recommended that I took a holiday.'
For stronger language we can use 'insist' or 'demand':
Direct John: 'You must see a doctor.'
Reported: 'John insisted that I saw a doctor.'
Reported: 'John demanded that I saw a doctor.'

Comments:

1. Zishuli - 06:20:  Subjuntive is needed

About" using suggestions in reported speech", I thought we should use subjunctive in the that-clause when the clauses come after reporting verbs like" ask, recommend , demand, suggest and insist".
Every witch has her own crystal ball.

2. Chris McCarthy - 08:50: This is true in the case of

This is true in the case of formal written English.

3. Grivna - 09:15: A little mistake

"She insisted that I come to her party."
"Come" according to the lesson should be replaced by "came". It is really very useful lesson.

4. Ngant - 04:10: Bring your ball

Follow this lesson, I think:
He told me to bring my ball should be changed : He told me to brought my ball. Is it right?

5. Yura - 16:04: Thank you for revising. It

Thank you for revising. It is very useful exercises!!

6.  Olka20 - 08:53: very useful lesson, hope to

Very useful lesson, hope to remember these rules

(Source of this article and comment: http://www.ecenglish.com/learnenglish/lessons/how-use-reported-speech)

TUGAS SOFTSKILL

YULIA RACHMAWATI

19610350

4SA02

Fathanah Sentenced to 14 Years in Prison for Graft

The panel of judges at the Jakarta Corruption Court has sentenced Ahmad Fathanah to 14 years behind bars for his role in a corruption case centering on beef import quotas at the Agriculture Ministry and his involvement in money laundering.

The verdict was read at the Jakarta Corruption Court on Monday evening. The court also fined him Rp 1 billion (US$ 88,105) or an additional six month sentence.

“(The panel of judges) decided to sentence him to 14 years in jail and fined him Rp 1 billion or a six-months ‘imprisonment if he fails to pay the fine,” presiding judge Nawawi Pomolango said as quoted by kompas.com.

The judges deemed that the defendant was proven to have been involved in the corruption case in line with Article 12 of Law No. 21/1999 on Corruption, which has been renewed under Law No. 20/2001 on Corruption.

He was also proven to have been involved in money laundering in line with Article 3 of Law No. 8/2010 on Money Laundering.

Fathanah was proven to have received Rp 1.3 billion from PT Indoguna Utama in relation to the processing of beef imports. The judges explained that Fathanah initially arranged his close friend, former chairman of the Prosperous Justice Party Luthfi Hasan Ishaaq along with president director of PT Indoguna Maria Elizabeth Liman.

During the meeting Maria asked Luthfi to help approach Minister of Agriculture Suswono by recommending an additional quota amounting to 8,000 tons for PT Indoguna import, according to the verdict.

Luthfi later agreed to help Maria to organize a meeting with Suswono where Fathanah later asked for allowances for accommodation for the meeting in Medan. For that Maria gave him Rp 300 million.

Fathanah also phoned Luthfi to ask when the meeting between Maria and Suswono would be held. Fathanah explained that Maria would provide a fee amounting to Rp 5,000 per kilogram of beef if the additional quota of 8,000 tons could be arranged so that there would be a total fee of Rp 40 billion.

Aside from Rp 300 million, Fathanah had also received Rp 1 billion from Maria to facilitate the processing of the beef import quota addition.

Judge Djoko Subagyo said that Fathanah was proven guilty of graft together with Luthfi.

Fathanah was proven to have paid, transferred, spent and converted money using two bank accounts with total transactions amounting to Rp 38.7 billion between 2011-2013.

But Fathanah was not proven guilty of involvement in money laundering in line with the third charge, Article 5 of Law No. 8/2010 on Money Laundering as the judges were of the opinion that the prosecutors had no authority to charge him for involvement in money laundering under the article.

The verdict was lighter than the prosecutors’ demand for 17.5 years and a fine of Rp 500 million or an additional sentence of six months.


Comment:
Thomsalan: maybe its not enough to fathanah imposed sentenced just 14 years, this is make corruptor in Indonesia doesnt have fear to corruption again. This is not fair !

Source: This article was taken from : http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2013/11/05/fathanah-sentenced-14-years-prison-graft.html
Retrieved on: Tue, November 05 2013, 2:56 PM | The Jakarta Post, Jakarta | National


TUGAS SOFTSKILL YULIA RACHMAWATI
19610350
4SA02

Tugas Softskill: Direct and Indirect Speech (Kelompok 3)

Yulia Is My Name

Hallo this is Yulia Rachmawati. This is my new account. I am a student of Gunadarma University, majoring English Literature. I'm on the 4th grade particularly in 7th term. I interest in music and love. I like MBLAQ, They are my love and my music. I always try to be a better person in future. Nice to meet you :)